avkАрхивъ внутренней медициныThe Russian Archives of Internal Medicine2226-67042411-6564“SINAPS” LLC10.20514/2226-6704-2022-12-5-341-351avk-1506Research ArticleОБЗОРНЫЕ СТАТЬИREVIEW ARTICLESВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ МОДИФИКАЦИИ КИШЕЧНОГО МИКРОБИОМАPossibilities and Prospects of Modification of the Intestinal Microbiomehttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1051-0787МалаеваЕ. Г.MalaevaE. G.

Екатерина Геннадьевна Малаева

Гомель

Ekaterina G. Malaeva

Gomel

dr-malaeva@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0483-7329СтомаИ. О.StomaI. O.

Гомель

Gomel

Гомельский государственный медицинский университетБеларусьGomel State Medical UniversityBelarus202230092022125341351Copyright © Малаева Е.Г., Стома И.О., 20222022Малаева Е.Г., Стома И.О.Malaeva E.G., Stoma I.O.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.medarhive.ru/jour/article/view/1506

Микробиом кишечника является вариабельной системой, которая не только адаптируется к сигналам и информации, поступающей от человека, но и влияет на своего хозяина за счет сложной системы взаимодействий живых микроорганизмов, фагов, вирусов, плазмид, мобильных генетических элементов, молекул, синтезируемых микроорганизмами, в том числе их структурных элементов (нуклеиновых кислот, белков, липидов, полисахаридов), метаболитов (сигнальных молекул, токсинов, органических и неорганических молекул) и молекул, синтезируемых организмом человека. Модификация или модулирование микробиома путем коррекции рациона питания, характера физической активности, назначения компонентов персонализированных продуктов (пребиотиков, пробиотиков, парапробиотиков, постбиотиков, аутопробиотиков) может приводить к изменению видового разнообразия, метаболического профиля микробиома кишечника и регуляции обменных процессов, локального и системного ответа на инфекционные заболевания, метаболизма лекарственных средств, деятельности многих органов и систем за счет наличия физиологических осей «микробиом кишечника–центральная нервная система», «микробиом кишечника–печень», «микробиом кишечника–почки» и некоторых других. Изучаются новые, таргетные направления модификации микробиома кишечника, которые заключаются в целенаправленном воздействии на патогенные микроорганизмы, в том числе внутриклеточные и устойчивые к антибактериальным лекарственным средствам.Динамический характер кишечного микробиома, способность изменяться и адаптироваться под воздействием некоторых изученных факторов открывает новые перспективные направления медицинской профилактики и лечения соматических и психических заболеваний. Несомненно, модификация микробиома с клинической целью направлено на укрепление здоровья человека. Однако, индивидуальные, не всегда предсказуемые, изменения микробиома в ответ на модифицирующие факторы могут быть обусловлены уникальностью видового состава и функционального потенциала микроорганизмов у каждого человека.

The gut microbiome is a variable system that not only adapts to signals and information coming from humans, but also affects its host due to a complex system of interactions of living microorganisms, phages, viruses, plasmids, mobile genetic elements, molecules synthesized by microorganisms, including their structural elements (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides), metabolites (signaling molecules, toxins, organic and inorganic molecules) and molecules synthesized by the human body. Modification or modulation of the microbiome by correcting the diet, the intensity of physical activity, the appointment of components of personalized products (prebiotics, probiotics, paraprobiotics, postbiotics, autoprobiotics) can lead to changes in species diversity, the metabolic profile of the intestinal microbiome and the regulation of metabolic processes, local and systemic response to infectious diseases, drug metabolism, the activity of many organs and systems due to the presence of physiological axes “gut microbiome–central nervous system”, “gut microbiome–liver”, “gut microbiome–kidneys” and some others. New, targeted directions of modification of the intestinal microbiome are being studied, which consist in targeted exposure to pathogenic microorganisms, including intracellular and resistant to antibacterial drugs.The dynamic nature of the intestinal microbiome, the ability to change and adapt under the influence of some of the studied factors opens up new promising areas of medical prevention and treatment of somatic and mental diseases. Undoubtedly, the modification of the microbiome for clinical purposes is aimed at improving human health. However, individual, not always predictable, changes in the microbiome in response to modifying factors may be due to the uniqueness of the species composition and functional potential of microorganisms in each person.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.