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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">avk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Архивъ внутренней медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-6704</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-6564</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“SINAPS” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20514/2226-6704-2023-13-3-165-174</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ENSMNZ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">avk-1611</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МЕТОД ВИРУСНОЙ МИМИКРИИ В ОНКОЛОГИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ЕГО РАЗВИТИЯ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Method of Viral Mimicry in Oncology and Prospects for its Improvement</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафин</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafin</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уфа</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУЗ «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bashkir State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>174</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мустафин Р.Н., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мустафин Р.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mustafin R.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medarhive.ru/jour/article/view/1611">https://www.medarhive.ru/jour/article/view/1611</self-uri><abstract><p>Клетки злокачественных новообразований характеризуются эволюцией клонов, устойчивых к применяемым противоопухолевым препаратам и уклонением от воздействия иммунной системы. В связи с этим перспективным и многообещающим направлением в современной онкологии является стимуляция иммунного ответа против новообразований. Данный способ может быть использован в комбинации с другими противоопухолевыми препаратами и самостоятельно. Клетки опухолей вырабатывают контрольные точки CTLA4 (CTLA4 — cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4) и PD-1 (programmed cell death), подавляющие активность Т-лимфоцитов и выработку ими противоопухолевых цитокинов. В клинике применяются антитела против CTLA4, PD-1 и PD-L1, монотерапия которыми повышает эффективность применяемой химиотерапии, но значительно усугубляет развитие нежелательных реакций, что ограничивает их назначение. Монотерапия анти-PD/PD-L1 показала низкую эффективность и также высокий риск осложнений со стороны легких, печени и щитовидной железы. В связи с этим необходима разработка новых способов иммунотерапии опухолей. Наиболее перспективен в данном отношении метод вирусной мимикрии, когда в качестве триггера для выработки интерферона и активации Т-киллеров служат двуцепочечные РНК, образованные из транскриптов ретроэлементов. Для искусственной активации ретроэлементов используют ингибиторы ДНК-метилтрансфераз, деацетилаз и метилтрансфераз гистонов. Поскольку ретроэлементы располагаются в интронах генов, вирусная мимикрия может быть использована в сплайсосомной таргетной терапии. Необходимо отметить, что транспозоны служат драйверами канцерогенеза, поэтому, помимо их искусственной активации, в онкологии используются методы сайленсинга ретроэлементов с помощью ингибиторов обратной транскриптазы. Применение для этого неспецифических метилтрансфераз и ингибиторов деметилаз гистонов может привести к подавлению экспрессии других генов, с возможным провоцированием побочных эффектов. Поэтому данная методика наиболее перспективна с использованием гидов, направляющих ферменты модификации гистонов в локусы расположения генов ретроэлементов в геноме. Гиды могут быть использованы также для активации наиболее значимых ретроэлементов в развитии иммунного противоопухолевого ответа и исключения экспрессии элементов, участвующих в инициации и поддержании канцерогенеза. В качестве гидов могут быть использованы микроРНК, длинные некодирующие РНК и антисмысловые олигонуклеотиды.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Malignant neoplasms cells are characterized by clonal evolution that is resistant to the applied antitumor drug and evasion from the effects of the immune system. Therefore, a promising direction in modern oncology is the stimulation of the immune response against neoplasms. This method can be used in combination with other anticancer drugs and alone. Tumor cells produce CTLA4 (CTLA4 — cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4) and PD-1 (programmed cell death) checkpoints that inhibit the activity of T-lymphocytes and their production of antitumor cytokines. The clinic uses antibodies against CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1, monotherapy with which increases the effectiveness of the chemotherapy used, but significantly aggravates the development of adverse reactions, which limits their use. Monotherapy with anti-PD/PD-L1 showed low efficacy and also a high risk of pulmonary, hepatic, and thyroid complications. In this regard, it is necessary to develop new methods of tumor immunotherapy. The most promising in this regard is the method of viral mimicry, when double-stranded RNA formed from transcripts of retroelements serve as a trigger for the production of interferon and activation of T-killers. For artificial activation of retroelements, inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases, deacetylases, and histone methyltransferases are used. Since retroelements are located in gene introns, viral mimicry can be used in spliceosomal targeted therapy. Transposons serve as drivers of carcinogenesis, therefore, in addition to their artificial activation, oncology uses methods for silencing retroelements using reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The use of non-specific methyltransferases and inhibitors of histone demethylases for this can lead to suppression of the expression of other genes, with possible side effects. Therefore, this technique is the most promising with the use of guides that direct histone modification enzymes to the loci of the location of retroelement genes in the genome. Guides can also be used to activate the most significant retroelements in the development of the immune antitumor response and exclude the expression of elements involved in the initiation and maintenance of carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and antisense oligonucleotides can be used as guides.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антисмысловые олигонуклеотиды</kwd><kwd>вирусная мимикрия</kwd><kwd>злокачественные новообразования</kwd><kwd>канцерогенез</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd><kwd>ретроэлементы</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>транспозоны</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antisense oligonucleotides</kwd><kwd>viral mimicry</kwd><kwd>malignant neoplasms</kwd><kwd>carcinogenesis</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd><kwd>retroelements</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>transposons</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinay D.S., Ryan E.P., Pawelec G. et al. Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies. Semin. Cancer. 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