<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">avk</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Архивъ внутренней медицины</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-6704</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2411-6564</issn><publisher><publisher-name>“SINAPS” LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20514/2226-6704-2024-14-4-284-297</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">XLDFAZ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">avk-1824</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Разработка и валидация опросника для оценки уровня потребления соли у взрослого населения Москвы и Московской области при помощи методов машинного обучения</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess the Level of Salt Intake in the Adult Population of the Russian Federation Using Machine Learning Methods</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1059-8387</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драгунов</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dragunov</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Драгунов Дмитрий Олегович — к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней;</p><p>заведующий ОМО по терапии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry O. Dragunov — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases;</p><p>Head of OMO for Therapeutics</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tamops2211@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0823-9190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Соколова Анна Викторовна — к.м.н., доцент, доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезне;</p><p>ведущий специалист ОМО по терапии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Sokolova — Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics</p><p>leading specialist of OMO on therapeutics</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sokolova2211@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-2515</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арутюнов</surname><given-names>Г. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arutjunov</surname><given-names>G. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Арутюнов Григорий Павлович — д.м.н., профессор, член-корр. РАН, зав. кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigorij P. Arutjunov — Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arut@ossn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации;&#13;
Научно-исследовательский институт организации здравоохранения и медицинского менеджмента Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian State Autonomous University of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health of Russia;&#13;
SBU «NIIOZMM» DZM</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.I. Pirogov Russian State Autonomous University of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>284</fpage><lpage>297</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Драгунов Д.О., Соколова А.В., Арутюнов Г.П., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Драгунов Д.О., Соколова А.В., Арутюнов Г.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dragunov D.O., Sokolova A.V., Arutjunov G.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.medarhive.ru/jour/article/view/1824">https://www.medarhive.ru/jour/article/view/1824</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель: разработать и валидировать инструмент для оценки уровня потребления соли у взрослого населения РФ.Материал и методы. Респонденты заполняли пищевые дневники, где учитывался тип приема пищи, ее объем и факт дополнительного досаливания блюда. Для статистической обработки полученных данных использовали язык R, версия — 4.2.1, среда разработки RStudio (пакеты ggplot2, ggpubr, dplyr, tidyverse, gtsummary, rstatix).Результаты. Всего в исследование был включен 271 респондент, медианный возраст которых составил 52 [20; 70] года. Было установлено, что основными факторами высокого потребления натрия является досаливание, потребление соленых продуктов, меньший уровень потребления кондитерских изделий, для низкого уровня потребления соли характерно более высокое потребление молочных продуктов. Тест согласованности Коэна составил κ = 0,48 95 % ДИ (0,08; 0,08), значения альфы Кронбаха α = 0,8. При пороговом значении ≥12 баллов по данным опросника, опросник имеет чувствительность 85 % по сравнению с медианной оценкой по данным 3-дневного пищевого дневника. При пороговом показателе &lt; 12 баллов опросник имеет специфичность 74 % с медианной оценкой по данным 3-дневного пищевого дневника.Заключение: Опросник СОЛЬ может быть использован для определения оценки уровня потребления соли.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Purpose: To develop and validate a tool to assess salt intake in the adult population of the Russian Federation.Material and Methods: Respondents filled out food diaries, where the type of food intake, its volume, and the fact of additional salting of the dish were taken into account. R language, version 4.2.1, RStudio development environment (packages ggplot2, ggpubr, dplyr, tidyverse, gtsummary, rstatix) were used for statistical processing of the obtained data.Results: A total of 271 respondents were included in the study, with a median age of 52 [20; 70] years. It was found that the main factors for high sodium intake were pre-salting, consumption of salty foods, lower intake in confectionery, low salt intake was characterized by higher consumption of dairy products. Cohen’s consistency test was κ = 0.48 95 % CI (0.08; 0.08), Cronbach’s alpha values α = 0.8. At a threshold score of ≥12 points on the questionnaire, the questionnaire had a sensitivity of 85 % compared with the median score from the 3-day food diary data. At a threshold score &lt; 12 points, the questionnaire has a specificity of 74 % compared with the median score from a 3-day food diary.Conclusion: The SOLE questionnaire can be used to determine the estimated level of salt intake by the population, but for wider application in the territory of the Russian Federation additional validation by regions is required.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>потребление соли</kwd><kwd>пищевой опросник</kwd><kwd>потребление натрия</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>salt consumption</kwd><kwd>food questionnaire</kwd><kwd>sodium consumption</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hankin JH, Reynolds WE, Margen S. A Short Dietary Method for Epidemiologic Studies123: II. Variability of Measured Nutrient Intakes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967; 20(9): 935–45. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/20.9.935</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hankin JH, Reynolds WE, Margen S. A Short Dietary Method for Epidemiologic Studies123: II. Variability of Measured Nutrient Intakes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1967; 20(9): 935–45. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/20.9.935</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pietinen P, Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J. Assessment of sodium intake by a short dietary questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1982; 10(3): 105–12. DOI: 10.1177/140349488201000307</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pietinen P, Tanskanen A, Tuomilehto J. Assessment of sodium intake by a short dietary questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1982; 10(3): 105–12. DOI: 10.1177/140349488201000307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Titze J, Lang R, Ilies C, et al. Osmotically inactive skin Na+ storage in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2003; 285(6): F1108–17. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Titze J, Lang R, Ilies C, et al. Osmotically inactive skin Na+  storage in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2003; 285(6): F1108–17. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00200.2003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopp C, Linz P, Hammon M, et al. Seeing the sodium in a patient with hypernatremia. Kidney International. 2012; 82(12): 1343–4. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.314</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopp C, Linz P, Hammon M, et al. Seeing the sodium in a patient with hypernatremia. Kidney International. 2012; 82(12): 1343–4. doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.314</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iaccarino Idelson P, D’Elia L, Cairella G, et al. Salt and health: Survey on knowledge and salt intake related behaviour in Italy. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2): 279. doi: 10.3390/nu12020279</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iaccarino Idelson P, D’Elia L, Cairella G, et al. Salt and health: Survey on knowledge and salt intake related behaviour in Italy. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2): 279. doi: 10.3390/nu12020279</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rakova N, Jüttner K, Dahlmann A, et al. Long-term space flight simulation reveals infradian rhythmicity in human Na+ balance. Cell Metabolism. 2013; 17(1): 125–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakova N, Jüttner K, Dahlmann A, et al. Long-term space flight simulation reveals infradian rhythmicity in human Na+ balance. Cell Metabolism. 2013; 17(1): 125–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okada C, Takimoto H, Shimosawa T. Development of a screening method for determining sodium intake based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2020: A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(9): e0235749. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235749</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okada C, Takimoto H, Shimosawa T. Development of a screening method for determining sodium intake based on the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese, 2020: A cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15(9): e0235749. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235749</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper M, Simpson JR, Klutka R. Development and validation of a sodium AnaLysis tool (SALT). Nutrition Journal. 2020; 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00555-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper M, Simpson JR, Klutka R. Development and validation of a sodium AnaLysis tool (SALT). Nutrition Journal. 2020; 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00555-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скурихин И.М., Тутельян В.А. Химический состав российских пищевых продуктов. Москва: ДеЛи принт. 2002; 235 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skurihin I.M., Tutelyana V.A. Chemical composition of Russian food products. Moscow: DeLi print. 2002; 235 р. [In Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скурихин И.М., Волгарев М.Н. Химический состав пищевых продуктов: Справочные таблицы содержание основных пищевых веществ и энергетической ценности пищевых продуктов. 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: Агропромиздат. 1987; 224 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skurihin IM, Volgarev MN. Chemical composition of food products: Reference tables for the content of basic nutrients and energy value of food products. 2nd ed. Moscow: Agropromizdat. 1987; 224 р. [In Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буланов Ю.Б. Химический состав продуктов: Пищевая ценность. Тверь: ГУПТО. 2003; 16 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulanov Y.B. Chemical composition of products: Nutritional value. Tver: GUPTO. 2003; 16 р. [In Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новикова Е.В., Черевко А.И. Энциклопедия питания. Нутриенты пищевых продуктов. т. 2 Москва: КноРус. 2023; 125 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikova E.V.., Cherevko AI. Encyclopedia of nutrition. Nutrients of food products. Vol. 2 Moscow: KnoRus. 2023; 125 р. [In Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mason B, Ross L, Gill E, et al. Development and validation of a dietary screening tool for high sodium consumption in Australian renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2014 Mar;24(2):123-34.e1-3. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2013.10.004. Epub 2014 Jan 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mason B, Ross L, Gill E, et al. Development and validation of a dietary screening tool for high sodium consumption in Australian renal patients. J Ren Nutr. 2014 Mar;24(2):123-34.e1-3. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2013.10.004. Epub 2014 Jan 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cade J, Thompson R, Burley V, et al. Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires: A review. Public Health Nutrition. 2002; 5(4): 567–87. doi: 10.1079/phn2001318</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cade J, Thompson R, Burley V, et al. Development, validation and utilisation of food-frequency questionnaires: A review. Public Health Nutrition. 2002; 5(4): 567–87. doi: 10.1079/phn2001318</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nowson C, Lim K, Land M-A, et al. Salt intake and dietary sources of salt on weekdays and weekend days in Australian adults. Public Health Nutrition. 2018; 21(12): 2174–82. doi: 10.1017/s1368980017004104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nowson C, Lim K, Land M-A, et al. Salt intake and dietary sources of salt on weekdays and weekend days in Australian adults. Public Health Nutrition. 2018; 21(12): 2174–82. doi: 10.1017/s1368980017004104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin Bland J, Altman Douglas G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet. 1986; 327(8476): 307–10. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin Bland J, Altman Douglas G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The Lancet. 1986; 327(8476): 307–10. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90837-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mittelmark MB, Sternberg B. Assessment of salt use at the table: Comparison of observed and reported behavior. Am J Public Health. 1985 Oct;75(10):1215-6. doi: 10.2105/ajph.75.10.1215..</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mittelmark MB, Sternberg B. Assessment of salt use at the table: Comparison of observed and reported behavior. Am J Public Health. 1985 Oct;75(10):1215-6. doi: 10.2105/ajph.75.10.1215..</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, et al. Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake. Public Health Nutrition. 2008; 11(1): 83–94. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007000146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, et al. Development and validation of a short questionnaire to assess sodium intake. Public Health Nutrition. 2008; 11(1): 83–94. doi: 10.1017/S1368980007000146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luft FC, Aronoff GR, Sloan RS, et al. Intra- and Interindividual Variability in Sodium Intake in Normal Subjects and in Patients With Renal Insufficiency. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1986; 7(5): 375–80. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(86)80085-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luft FC, Aronoff GR, Sloan RS, et al. Intra- and Interindividual Variability in Sodium Intake in Normal Subjects and in Patients With Renal Insufficiency. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1986; 7(5): 375–80. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(86)80085-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sasaki S, Yanagibori R, Amano K. Validity of a self-administered diet history questionnaire for assessment of sodium and potassium. Japanese Circulation Journal. 1998; 62(6): 431–5. doi: 10.1253/jcj.62.431</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sasaki S, Yanagibori R, Amano K. Validity of a self-administered diet history questionnaire for assessment of sodium and potassium. Japanese Circulation Journal. 1998; 62(6): 431–5. doi: 10.1253/jcj.62.431</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLean RM, Williams SM, Te Morenga LA, et al. Spot urine and 24-h diet recall estimates of dietary sodium intake from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey: A comparison. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2018; 72(8): 1120–7. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0176-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLean RM, Williams SM, Te Morenga LA, et al. Spot urine and 24-h diet recall estimates of dietary sodium intake from the 2008/09 New Zealand Adult Nutrition Survey: A comparison. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2018; 72(8): 1120–7. doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0176-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLean RM, Farmer VL, Nettleton A, et al. Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: A systematic literature review. Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn). 2017; 19(12): 1214–30. doi: 10.1111/jch.13148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLean RM, Farmer VL, Nettleton A, et al. Assessment of dietary sodium intake using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: A systematic literature review. Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn). 2017; 19(12): 1214–30. doi: 10.1111/jch.13148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Day N, McKeown N, Wong M, et al. Epidemiological assessment of diet: A comparison of a 7-day diary with a food frequency questionnaire using urinary markers of nitrogen, potassium and sodium. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 30(2): 309–17. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.2.309</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Day N, McKeown N, Wong M, et al. Epidemiological assessment of diet: A comparison of a 7-day diary with a food frequency questionnaire using urinary markers of nitrogen, potassium and sodium. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 30(2): 309–17.  doi: 10.1093/ije/30.2.309</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tangney CC, Rasmussen HE, Richards C, et al. Evaluation of a Brief Sodium Screener in Two Samples. Nutrients. 2019; 11(1): 166. doi: 10.3390/nu11010166</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tangney CC, Rasmussen HE, Richards C, et al. Evaluation of a Brief Sodium Screener in Two Samples. Nutrients. 2019; 11(1): 166. doi: 10.3390/nu11010166</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Souza DS, Santos BI, Costa BM, et al. Food frequency questionnaire for foods high in sodium: Validation with the triads method. PLOS ONE. 2023; 18(7): e0288123. doi: 10.1371/journal .pone.0288123</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Souza DS, Santos BI, Costa BM, et al. Food frequency questionnaire for foods high in sodium: Validation with the triads method. PLOS ONE. 2023; 18(7): e0288123. doi: 10.1371/journal .pone.0288123</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Artyukov I, Bukreeva I, Feshchenko R, et al. The first observation of osmotically neutral sodium accumulation in the myocardial interstitium. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02956-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artyukov I, Bukreeva I, Feshchenko R, et al. The first observation of osmotically neutral sodium accumulation in the myocardial interstitium. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02956-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Драгунов ДО, Арутюнов ГП, Соколова АВ. Современный взгляд на обмен натрия. Клиническая Нефрология. 2018; (1): 62–73. doi: 10.18565/nephrology.2018.1.62-73</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragunov DO, Arutyunov GP, Sokolova AV. Modern view of sodium metabolism. Klinicheskaya Nefrologiya. 2018; (1): 62–73. [In Russian]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
