Нейрокогнитивные расстройства у пациентов с COVID-19: спорные и нерешенные вопросы

   Новая коронавирусная инфекция (НКВИ, COVID-19) — инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое коронавирусом тяжелого острого респираторного синдрома-2 (SARS-CoV-2). С 2019 г. появилось большое количество исследований, посвященных когнитивным нарушениям на фоне НКВИ, и в том числе «длительного COVID-19» (long COVID). В несистематическом обзоре, основанном на исследованиях за 2019-2022 гг., представлена информация о выраженности изменений когнитивных функций пациентов, перенесших НКВИ, методах диагностики, позволяющих выявлять эти нарушения, и долгосрочных нейропсихических и когнитивных последствиях, которые могут стать серьезной проблемой общественного здравоохранения.

1. van den Borst B., Peters J.B., Brink M., et al. Comprehensive Health Assessment 3 Months After Recovery From Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(5): e1089-e1098. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1750

2. Pistarini C., Fiabane E., Houdayer E., et al. Cognitive and Emotional Disturbances Due to COVID-19: An Exploratory Study in the Rehabilitation Setting. Front Neurol. 2021; 12:643646. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.643646.

3. Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(2): e0246590. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246590

4. Chen R., Wang K., Yu J., et al. The Spatial and Cell-Type Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 in the Human and Mouse Brains. Front Neurol. 2021; 11:573095. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.573095. eCollection 2020.

5. Lukiw W.J., Pogue A., Hill J.M. SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Neurological Targets in the Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022; 42(1): 217-224. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-00947-7

6. Al-Sarraj S., Troakes C., Hanley B., et al. Invited Review: The spectrum of neuropathology in COVID-19. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2021; 47(1): 3-16. doi: 10.1111/nan.12667

7. Wang C., Zhang M., Garcia G., et al. ApoE-Isoform-Dependent SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism and Cellular Response. Cell Stem Cell. 2021; 28(2): 331-342.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.018

8. Jose R.J., Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(6): e46-e47. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30216-2

9. Herold T, Jurinovic V, Arnreich C, et al. Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020; 146(1): 128-136.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008

10. Sieracka J., Sieracki P., Kozera G., et al. COVID-19 — neuropathological point of view, pathobiology, and dilemmas after the first year of the pandemic struggle. Folia Neuropathol. 2021; 59(1): 1-16. doi: 10.5114/fn.2021.105128

11. Lechien J.R., Chiesa-Estomba C.M., Vaira L.A., et al. Epidemiological, otolaryngological, olfactory and gustatory outcomes according to the severity of COVID-19: a study of 2579 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021; 278(8): 2851-2859. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06548-w

12. Meinhardt J., Radke J., Dittmayer C., et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021; 24(2): 168-175. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5

13. Douaud G., Lee S., Alfaro-Almagro F., et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature. 2022; 604(7907): 697-707. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5

14. Hugon J., Msika E.F., Queneau M., et al. Long COVID: cognitive complaints (brain fog) and dysfunction of the cingulate cortex. J Neurol. 2022; 269(1): 44-46. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10655-x

15. Kim S.K., Jeong H., Im J.J., et al. PET Hypometabolism of the Prefrontal-Cingulate Cortices in Internet Gaming Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 11: 566518. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.566518

16. Hosp J.A., Dressing A., Blazhenets G., et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain. 2021; 144(4): 1263-1276. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab009

17. Guedj E., Million M., Dudouet P., et al. 18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: substrate for persistent/delayed disorders? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021; 48(2): 592-595. doi: 10.1007/s00259-020-04973-x

18. Blazhenets G., Schroeter N., Bormann T., et al. Slow but Evident Recovery from Neocortical Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in a Series of Chronic COVID-19 Patients. J Nucl Med. 2021; 62(7): 910-915. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262128

19. Shimada H., Doi T., Lee S., et al. Reversible predictors of reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a 4-year longitudinal study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019; 11(1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0480-5

20. Aiello E.N., Fiabane E., Manera M.R., et al. Screening for cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a comparison between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Neurol Sci. 2022; 43(1): 81-84. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05630-3

21. Варако Н.А., Архипова Д.В., Ковязина М.С., с соавт. Адденбрукская шкала оценки когнитивных функций III (Adden-brooke s cognitive examination III — ACE-III): лингвокультурная адаптация русскоязычной версии. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии 2022; 16(1): 53-58. doi: 10.54101/ACEN.2022.1.7

22. Mazza M.G., Palladini M., De Lorenzo R., et al. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun. 2021; 94: 138-147. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021

23. Garrigues E, Janvier P, Kherabi Y, et al. Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 81(6): e4-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029

24. Almeria M., Cejudo J.C., Sotoca J., et al. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun — Health. 2020; 9: 100163. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100163

25. Davis H.E., Assaf G.S., McCorkell L., et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine. 2021; 38. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019

26. Liu Y.H., Chen Y., Wang Q.H., et al. One-Year Trajectory of Cognitive Changes in Older Survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. JAMA Neurol. 2022; 79(5): 509-517. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0461

27. Méndez R., Balanzá-Martínez V., Luperdi S., et al. Short-term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of life in COVID-19 survivors. J Intern Med. 2021; 290(3): 621-631. doi: 10.1111/joim.13262

28. Darley D.R., Dore G.J., Cysique L., et al. Persistent symptoms up to four months after community and hospital-managed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Med J Aust. 2021; 214(6): 279-280. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50963

29. Moretta P., Ambrosino P., Lanzillo A., et al. Cognitive Impairment in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients Undergoing Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation: The Association with the Clinical and Functional Status. Healthcare. 2022; 10(3): 480. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10030480

30. Nersesjan V., Fonsmark L., Christensen R.H. B., et al. Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes in Patients 6 Months After COVID-19 Requiring Hospitalization Compared With Matched Control Patients Hospitalized for Non -COVID-19 Illness. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022; 79(5): 486-497. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0284.

31. Borland E., Nägga K., Nilsson P.M., et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assess ment: Normative Data from a Large Swedish Population-Based Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 59(3): 893-901. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170203

32. Yelin D., Margalit I., Nehme M., et al. Patterns of Long COVID Symptoms: A Multi-Center Cross Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 2022; 11(4): 898. doi: 10.3390/jcm11040898

33. Herridge M.S., Moss M., Hough C.L,. et al. Recovery and outcomes after the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in p atients and their family caregivers. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 725-738. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4321-8

34. Liu Y.H., Wang Y.R., Wang Q.H., et al. Post-infection cognitive impairments in a cohort of elderly patients with COVID-19. Mol Neurodegener. 2021; 16(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00469-w

35. Palta P., Albert M.S., Gottesman R.F. Heart health meets cognitive health: evidence on the role of blood pressure. Lancet Neurol. 2021; 20(10): 854-867. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00248-9

36. Taquet M., Geddes J.R., Husain M., et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 37 9 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021; 8(5): 416-427. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5

37. Kuo C.L., Pilling L.C., Atkins J.L., et al. ApoE e4e4 Genotype and Mortality With COVID-19 in UK Biobank. J Gerontol Ser A. 2020; 75(9): 1801-1803. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa169

38. Перенести в английский вариант

39. van den Borst B., Peters J.B., Brink M., et al. Comprehensive Health Assessment 3 Months After Recovery From Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(5): e1089-e1098. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1750

40. Pistarini C., Fiabane E., Houdayer E., et al. Cognitive and Emotional Disturbances Due to COVID-19: An Exploratory Study in the Rehabilitation Setting. Front Neurol. 2021; 12:643646. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.643646.

41. Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16(2): e0246590. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246590

42. Chen R., Wang K., Yu J., et al. The Spatial and Cell-Type Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 in the Human and Mouse Brains. Front Neurol. 2021; 11:573095. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.573095. eCollection 2020.

43. Lukiw W.J., Pogue A., Hill J.M. SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Neurological Targets in the Brain. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2022; 42(1): 217-224. doi: 10.1007/s10571-020-00947-7

44. Al-Sarraj S., Troakes C., Hanley B., et al. Invited Review: The spectrum of neuropathology in COVID-19. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2021; 47(1): 3-16. doi: 10.1111/nan.12667

45. Wang C., Zhang M., Garcia G., et al. ApoE-Isoform-Dependent SARS-CoV-2 Neurotropism and Cellular Response. Cell Stem Cell. 2021; 28(2): 331-342.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.12.018

46. Jose R.J., Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(6): e46-e47. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30216-2

47. Herold T, Jurinovic V, Arnreich C, et al. Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020; 146(1): 128-136.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.008

48. Sieracka J., Sieracki P., Kozera G., et al. COVID-19 — neuropathological point of view, pathobiology, and dilemmas after the first year of the pandemic struggle. Folia Neuropathol. 2021; 59(1): 1-16. doi: 10.5114/fn.2021.105128

49. Lechien J.R., Chiesa-Estomba C.M., Vaira L.A., et al. Epidemiological, otolaryngological, olfactory and gustatory outcomes according to the severity of COVID-19: a study of 2579 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021; 278(8): 2851-2859. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06548-w

50. Meinhardt J., Radke J., Dittmayer C., et al. Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19. Nat Neurosci. 2021; 24(2): 168-175. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5

51. Douaud G., Lee S., Alfaro-Almagro F., et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank. Nature. 2022; 604(7907): 697-707. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5

52. Hugon J., Msika E.F., Queneau M., et al. Long COVID: cognitive complaints (brain fog) and dysfunction of the cingulate cortex. J Neurol. 2022; 269(1): 44-46. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10655-x

53. Kim S.K., Jeong H., Im J.J., et al. PET Hypometabolism of the Prefrontal-Cingulate Cortices in Internet Gaming Disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 11: 566518. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.566518

54. Hosp J.A., Dressing A., Blazhenets G., et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain. 2021; 144(4): 1263-1276. doi: 10.1093/brain/awab009

55. Guedj E., Million M., Dudouet P., et al. 18F-FDG brain PET hypometabolism in post-SARS-CoV-2 infection: substrate for persistent/delayed disorders? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021; 48(2): 592-595. doi: 10.1007/s00259-020-04973-x

56. Blazhenets G., Schroeter N., Bormann T., et al. Slow but Evident Recovery from Neocortical Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment in a Series of Chronic COVID-19 Patients. J Nucl Med. 2021; 62(7): 910-915. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262128

57. Shimada H., Doi T., Lee S., et al. Reversible predictors of reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognition: a 4-year longitudinal study. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2019; 11(1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s13195-019-0480-5

58. Aiello E.N., Fiabane E., Manera M.R., et al. Screening for cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a comparison between the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Neurol Sci. 2022; 43(1): 81-84. doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05630-3

59. Varako N.A., Arkhipova D.V., Kovyazina M.S., et al. Addenbrooke’s cognitive assessment scale III (Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III — ACE-III): linguocultural adaptation of the Russian version. Annals of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 2022; 16(1): 53-58. doi: 10.54101/ACEN.2022.1.7 [in Russian].

60. Mazza M.G., Palladini M., De Lorenzo R., et al. Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up. Brain Behav Immun. 2021; 94: 138-147. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.021

61. Garrigues E, Janvier P, Kherabi Y, et al. Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Infect. 2020; 81(6): e4-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029

62. Almeria M., Cejudo J.C., Sotoca J., et al. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun — Health. 2020; 9: 100163. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100163

63. Davis H.E., Assaf G.S., McCorkell L., et al. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. eClinicalMedicine. 2021; 38. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101019

64. Liu Y.H., Chen Y., Wang Q.H., et al. One-Year Trajectory of Cognitive Changes in Older Survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. JAMA Neurol. 2022; 79(5): 509-517. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0461

65. Méndez R., Balanzá-Martínez V., Luperdi S., et al. Short-term neuropsychiatric outcomes and quality of life in COVID-19 survivors. J Intern Med. 2021; 290(3): 621-631. doi: 10.1111/joim.13262

66. Darley D.R., Dore G.J., Cysique L., et al. Persistent symptoms up to four months after community and hospital-managed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Med J Aust. 2021; 214(6): 279-280. doi: 10.5694/mja2.50963

67. Moretta P., Ambrosino P., Lanzillo A., et al. Cognitive Impairment in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients Undergoing Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation: The Association with the Clinical and Functional Status. Healthcare. 2022; 10(3): 480. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10030480

68. Nersesjan V., Fonsmark L., Christensen R.H. B., et al. Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Outcomes in Patients 6 Months After COVID-19 Requiring Hospitalization Compared With Matched Control Patients Hospitalized for Non -COVID-19 Illness. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022; 79(5): 486-497. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0284.

69. Borland E., Nägga K., Nilsson P.M., et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assess ment: Normative Data from a Large Swedish Population-Based Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 59(3): 893-901. doi: 10.3233/JAD-170203

70. Yelin D., Margalit I., Nehme M., et al. Patterns of Long COVID Symptoms: A Multi-Center Cross Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 2022; 11(4): 898. doi: 10.3390/jcm11040898

71. Herridge M.S., Moss M., Hough C.L,. et al. Recovery and outcomes after the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in p atients and their family caregivers. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 725-738. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4321-8

72. Liu Y.H., Wang Y.R., Wang Q.H., et al. Post-infection cognitive impairments in a cohort of elderly patients with COVID-19. Mol Neurodegener. 2021; 16(1): 48. doi: 10.1186/s13024-021-00469-w

73. Palta P., Albert M.S., Gottesman R.F. Heart health meets cognitive health: evidence on the role of blood pressure. Lancet Neurol. 2021; 20(10): 854-867. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00248-9

74. Taquet M., Geddes J.R., Husain M., et al. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 37 9 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021; 8(5): 416-427. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5

75. Kuo C.L., Pilling L.C., Atkins J.L., et al. ApoE e4e4 Genotype and Mortality With COVID-19 in UK Biobank. J Gerontol Ser A. 2020; 75(9): 1801-1803. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa169