Болезнь Альцгеймера: влияние микрофлоры кишечника и половых различий на патогенез и стратегии лечения

Болезнь Альцгеймера (БА) — глобальное заболевание. Наиболее важным в патогенезе БА является увеличение отложений амилоидного белка бета (Aβ) и патологическое скопление тау-белка. В развитии болезни принимае т участие ряд этиологических факторов, таких как возраст, генетика, образ жизни, факторы окружающей среды и микрофлора кишечника (МК). Нарушение регуляции МК — один из факторов патогенеза БА, который способствует нарушению когнитивной функции, включая скопление Aβ и тау-белка, выработку нейромедиаторов и метаболитов, нарушение иммунной регуляции, нейровоспаление, нарушение гематоэнцефалитического барьера, оксидативный стресс и синдром раздраженного кишечника.
Половые различия могут быть важным фактором патогенеза БА. Около 75 % пациентов с БА являются женщинами. Преобладание БА у женщин связано с генетикой, структурой и функцией головного мозга, эстрогеном, образом жизни (например, образование, род деятельности, уровень физической активности и продолжительность сна) и случаями инфекционно-воспалительных заболеваний. Поскольку продолжительность жизни у женщин больше, чем у мужчин, женщины более склонны к БА.
В настоящей статье рассматривается роль МК и половые различия при БА. В начале статьи приводится краткое описание характеристик микрофлоры кишечника и половых различий при БА. В работе рассматриваются перспективные терапевтические стратегии при БА, направленные на МК.

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